Inside high-energy proton collisions, quarks and gluons briefly form a dense, boiling state before cooling into ordinary particles. Researchers expected this transition to change how disordered the ...

A new study uses new techniques to calculate the cross sections of atoms which have been excited to higher energy levels. Researchers analyzed the behavior over a wide range of impact energies. The ...

Quantum dynamics in open systems examines how quantum states evolve when interacting with their environment. Unlike isolated systems, real devices and natural processes invariably exchange energy and ...